Bilingualism by Agnes Lam

What is Bilingualism?

Bilingualism simply means the ability to communicate in two languages. English is not the native language in India. English Language had become an official language in India therefore English is not the native language for Indians. English is the Second Language in India. India is a multilingual country fully diversified with multiculturalism. Agnes Lam refers to bilingualism the phenomenon of competence and communication in two languages.

Bilingual Individuals

• Bilingual individual is someone who has the ability to communicate two languages alternatively, even when one language is being used in a monolingual context. (Bialystok, 2007, 2010)
• Such an ability or psychological state of an individual has been referred to as 'bilinguality'.

Bilingual individuals don't find it difficult to communicate in two languages and switch between two languages alternatively.

Bilingual Society:

A bilingual society is one in which two languages are used in communication. In bilingual society it is possible to have large number of monolinguals provided that they are enough bilinguals to perform the functions requiring bilingual competence in that society. 

• Individual Bilingualism

Individual psychological state of mind who uses two languages for communication purpose. 

• Societal Bilingualism

   In societal bilingualism community and that number of individual can use two languages.

Monoliguals :-

Those who Speaks only one of the tow language used in society.

Several Question Have been asked :-

Monolingual or Communicative norms :

Do we measure the competencies of bilingual persons against the respective competencies of monolingual persons ?

If so we end up with labeling some bilinguals as perfect bilinguals and other as imperfect bilinguals. Another approach is not to apply monolingual norms in measuring bilingual abilities but just to evaluate the communicative competence of the bilingual as a WhoGrosjean 1992

 

English for specific purposes by Tony Dudley -Evans

English for specific purposes by 
Tony Dudley -Evans

                                                                                                                                          English for specific purposes (ESP) is a sphere of   teaching engish language  including Business English, Technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism , English for Art Purposes, etc

                     ESP is taught to pilots,air traffic controllers and civi aviation   cadets who are going to use it in radio communications.

ESP can be also considered as an avatar of language for specific purposes.

Important point of Esp:

-Aspect of Teaching

-material production

-need analysis is important

-Esp learns adults

-ESP can be taught at school

-ESP is also included primary schools

-ESP generally taught to intermediate or advanced students of Englis,but can alsbe taught to begginers.

Characteristics of ESP:

  -ESP is designed to meet the specific needs of learner.

  -ESP makes use of the underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.

  -ESP is centered on the languag,skill,discourse and general appropriate to these activities.

 ESP material will always draw on the topics and activities of that specific purpose,in many cases exploiting the methodology of the subject area or the profession.

Engish For acadimic purposrs :- Liz hamp lyons

What is EAP

             English for academic purposes (EAP) entails training students, usually in a higher education setting, to use language appropriately for study. It is one of the most common forms of English for specific purposes (ESP).

               An EAP program focuses instruction on skills required to perform in an English-speaking academic context across core subject areas generally encountered in a university setting. In common with most language teaching, EAP instruction teaches vocabulary, grammar and the four skills (reading, writing, speaking - including pronunciation - and listening), but usually tries to tie these to the specific study needs of students; for example, a writing lesson would focus on writing essays rather than, say, business letters.

The languages in attended to at the levels of :-

1) Register

2) Discourse

3) Genre

                      Needs analysis is fudamental to EAP aaproach to cours desing and teaching . If a general aaproch to an EAP coure is taken the course usually consists primarily of study skills practice with an academic register and style in the practive texts and materials.

                       Engish language teachers recognise at the beginning of their EAP teaching .

Teaching English as a second Language in India: Focus on Objectives Shivendra K. Verma

Teaching English as a second Language in India: Focus on Objectives

                                                             Shivendra K. Verma

The objective of language Teaching 

 

                    This range from the sociable use of phatic communion and a network of communicative uses to its use at the highest level of “cognition”, “catharsis”, and “self-expression”. Underlying these functions are two fundamental: helping children learn how ask questions, the most important intellectual ability man has yet developed, and helping children use this language effectively in different social networks.

                Languages in a multilingual setting form a system-network. Each language in this network has a function- determined value contrastive to the function-determined values of the other languages

Functionally-determined sub-categories:-

First Language (L1)

           L-1 is used for performing all the essential, personal functions. These are gradually expanded to cover all types of interpersonal functions.

Second Language (L-2)

             Education people living in towns and cities, English as a second language functions primarily as an interstate or international link language of . Some of them also use it as an international language of knowledge, trade and industry

 Foreign Language

Classical Language

This is important because not all students will need English to the same level of competence. We must ensure that English 

(1) functions as a “service-language” for the various categories of learners,

(2) promotes intellectual and cultural awareness of the contemporary world we live in, and

(3) provides “information content” necessary for the modernization of our country

                         Second language (L2) may be used as an auxiliary or associate language, as a slot-filler, performing those functions which are not normally performed by L1. English as a second language functions primarily as an interstate or international link language. Some of them also use it as in international language of knowledge, trade and industry. 

Socio-cultural Dimensions of English as a Second Language"-Rekha Aslam

My views on "Socio-cultural Dimensions of English as a Second Language"-Rekha Aslam

                    The from of Engilsh language and social strcture and cultural sensitivity of indian culture. In the mountain by Anita desai ncctor in a sieve by Kamala Markandaya and R. K Narayan 's The Dark Room.

                  The socio – cultural ,religious ect concepts of the native speaker 's life . A language is not an isoated entity .

           Let’s first see some of the characteristics of Second Language highlighted by Rekha Aslam:-

1.)    A forign language is language which is not one's own even though one may have a very good knowledge of it A Second Language is a language which is one’s own, though not the first in order of importance nor usually the first to be learnt.

2.)    A Second Language is used as an alternative way of expressing a culture of one’s own.   

3.) A Second Language produces bilinguals with active and creative interest.

• Language is not an isolated entity. It is deeply rooted in socio-cultural, religious etc.. concepts of Native speaker’s life. 
  

• A writer may make practice of using phonological (graphic) adaptation, lone translation, lone creation as per the requirement of emphasis, etc. and availability.
  

•  Native words find their ways in English because of the non-availability of an equivalent counter-part. 
• Another method of expressing the Indian reality is to use a translation on the basis of semantics. 
• Advertisements – News paper classifieds, Acronyms such as All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Delhi University of Teacher Association (DUTA), Discourse pattern – the social meaning of language that is emphasized by socio linguists. Language used to talk to friends, to scold children, conduct business.. i.e. “Accha, I’ll come again.”
  

Eliot`s The Waste Land.

Respected sir......

                   1) I can say that Eliot concept in The Waste Land, he believe past movement with passes his life and he was not believe in future generation and passes his life but he follow in continue life in past way. And Friedrich Nietzsche, with the concept of superman and he follow the future generation concept. So Eliot's against Friedrich Nietzsche, so my point of. View that Eliot think are not good because past is passes our life and future coming our life so why we are follow past generating?But believe true science rules and regulation, practical true disition. So that is my point of view.

                Eliot seems to be regressive and backward looking as he presented the things , which was presented historical events, and myths, it led towards to find answer of contemporary malaise in Upanishad, Buddhism, and Christianity.

        2) Eliot talked that our salvation depends upon that cultural tradition which was preserved by our forefathers. But here the thing is that if someone who wants to salvation they must do hard work, find out new path, rather depends upon preservative cultural ideas, values, rules and regulations because it is not gave the inner happiness and satisfaction because there we depends on that tradition which was already there so we don’t something new rather follow that tradition.

   So, in life of modern men we find out chaos. They are mentally disturbed. In their culture we find out sexual perversion, spiritual drought and uneasiness also.

   Here in the waste land he not does something new in his poem rather he take examples which were preserved in cultural tradition and he compared that with modern things.

           So, he told to Eliot that we be good preserver, if chaos is to be avoided. Thus, if we want to be good preserver we must lives with greater vigor that is within us than does primitiveness. So, that great vigor gave us satisfaction, happiness and salvation.

                            (3) In the last question to the last Indian thoughts in the wast land. Eliot good work leads salvation and progress and bad work leads to damaya life. He uses the word “DA”.  The gods interpret this as

                                     “Damyatta”or “control”,

 The humans as
                                      “Datta” or “Given”,

And the demons as
                                     “Dayadhvam” or “Sympathize”.                                                                                                                           

“Teaching of English: A plea for practical Attitude”-R.K.SINGH

“Teaching of English: A plea for practical Attitude”-R.K.SINGH

My views on “Teaching of English:  A plea for practical Attitude”-R.K.SINGH

     English in India is a potential national resource.it is important to develop tolerance and positive attitudes towards English

After highlighting certain theoretical aspects of the notion “objective of language teaching,” we discuss the functionally determined sub categorization of languages into first language, second language, foreign language and also classical language. We then focus on the objectives of teaching English as a second Language in India. her is some terms that comes in our way to discuss.

♦ L2: Second Language

♦ SLA:  Second Language Acquisition

            English in India today is a symbol of people’s aspirations for quality in education and fuller participation in national and international life. The level of introduction of English has now become a matter of political response to people’s aspirations, rendering almost irrelevant an academic debate on the merits of a very early introduction.  The global objectives of language teaching can be defined as helping children learn a language or also languages to perform for a variety of functions. These range from the sociable use of language for phatic communion and a network of communicative uses to its use at the highest level of “Cognition”, “Catharsis” and “Self expression”. Underlying these functions are two fundamental functions: helping children learn how to ask questions, the most important intellectual ability man has yet developed, and helping children use this language effectively in different social networks.

            Here one can say that ater the colonial era, English was used throughout Indian by very few speakers and Hindi was still preferred. Since English was the reminder of the colonial power of England, there was a resistance against its spread and use during this time. English could not be the symbol of national identity due to its foreign and colonial nature. The tendency to replace English with an Indian language was part of the nationalistic ideology since the 1920's. However, this tendency didn’t succeed because of the international salience of English. A large number of educated people spoke English. While English is regarded as an official language alongside Hindi nowadays, many Indians do not accept it as the national language.

So while the Indian languages, as regional languages, English a ‘foreign’ language, promote unity and integration. Centralism has an inherent appeal for the intellectuals at a time when an impatient unitary centralism was the dominant political ideology. To further buttress this argument, a whole mythology got built up around the role of English in which the central metaphor is the metaphor of the’ window’:

 ♦ English is the language of knowledge (science and technology),

 ♦ English is the language of liberal, modern thinking

 ♦ English is the link language

 ♦ English is the lingua-franca.

Teaching Of EST In Indian Condition by R.S.SHARMA

 

Teaching Of EST In Indian Condition by R.S.SHARMA

      In this essay R.S.Sharma talks about teaching of EST for science and Technology in india suffers from some seriuos drawback .the courses and method are unrelated to the specific academic and professional needs of the students ;the materials are not based on careful description of the scientific sub register and teaching staff are ill equipped and even resistant to the new tasks .yet this is an area which deserves top priority at the hands of the government and planners of technical education because teaching of EST has a

direct bearing on india's modernisation and progress

There are three aspects of EST :

1. Need Analysis
2. Structure Analysis
3. Expertise and Training

      In this way the learner's profile would suggest that the students,who has been admitted to the first year B.Sc or B.Sc course through an admission test possesses intelligence and attainment above the average he has successfully completed

some course in general English and has communicative competence in English his English however requires remedial work and further improvement

English as a subject compulsory in many institutions is taught in the first year it is taught at a first stage when many learner is familiar with applied sciences and has a little knowledge of technology or engineering.

        Let me end by remarking that the teacher of EST who can plan his work properly and make the right kind of note and evaluate asking question this can be basic idea to drow attention towards English .

Teaching English as a second language in India

 Teaching English as a second language in India

My views on “Teaching English as a second language in India”

In kapil kapoor is giving view on the English as a second language.

Second language is understood in Two different ways:

1. English is second language after one or more Indian languages, which are primary and more significantly.
   
   
2. In school Education the second language is what is introduced after the primary stage and has pedagogical as well as functional definition.

           -English as a second language can only be understood is the larger and historical perspective.

          -Teaching in India is a main pivot of educational system. English is the language of knowledge. English is the language of liberal, modern thinking.

This conceptual structure has three pasrts:-

1) Modernization

,

2) Mythologu and

3) Language policy.

        - “English has important functions to serve internally in addition on the world. English may be continuing to the medium of instruction in several faculties at the college level.”

       -English is now widely taught as subject of study in different languages teaching situations of different levels in India.

     

     Thank u…...

" SATAN AND SARASWATI: THE DOUBLE FACE OF ENGLISH IN INDIA".

  " SATAN AND SARASWATI: THE DOUBLE FACE OF ENGLISH IN INDIA".

                  India English second language. English the double face in India English the confuting double role in India in policy and practice. Policy rules and rogation, English language its rule to teach in education. Practice the action rather than but not to aspect. In India multinguistic language.  In three language use National language, mother tong, and sound language.

                                     When India attained freedom in 1947, the British symbols were replaced and toils of work were retained. In freedom of India there were no national language Hindi and English was the official language .And then new national Hindi or Hindustani as the national language of the new nation 

                                  But India was a multilingustic  language also the India constitution do not writer national language.1950 when India become the Republic until which time English will continue to the official language along with Hindi to be used for official.

                           English as a second language and Hindi as a official language but in more use of English less then Hindi.

Conclusion:-

In India English sometime a SATAN and some way to a SARASWATI. English as a International language so in this stage English as a SARASWTI.